Asociación entre inseguridad del agua y presencia de sintomatología depresiva en población mexicana de 20 años o más.

OBJETIVO: Analizar la asociación entre la inseguridad del agua (IA) y la presencia de sintomatología depresiva (SD) en población mexicana de 20 años o más. Material y métodos. Se analizó información de 11 806 adultos participantes en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2022 (Ensanut 2022). La IA se evaluó con la escala de las experiencias de inseguridad del agua (HWISE) en los hogares y la SD con la Escala de Depresión del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos (CESD-7). Se realizaron modelos de regresión logística multinomial ajustando por variables confusoras. RESULTADOS: La IA se asocia con la presencia de SD en los adultos mexicanos (razón de momios [RM]=1.5; p<0.001). La prevalencia ajustada de SD fue 6.1 puntos porcentuales mayor en personas con IA. Otros factores asociados a SD en presencia de la IA fueron: mujer (RM=2.0; p<0.001), separada(o) o divorciada(o) (RM=1.5; p=0.001), sin escolaridad (RM=2.9; p<0.001), tercil bajo de condiciones de bienestar (RM=1.3; p=0.005) y 60 años o más de edad (RM=3.5; p<0.001). Conclusión. Los problemas con el agua afectan la salud mental de la población. Es relevante su monitoreo en proyectos donde el agua tiene un papel clave como en disminución de la pobreza, desarrollo económico y mitigación del cambio climático.

Conducta suicida en México: análisis comparativo entre población adolescente y adulta.

OBJETIVO: Estimar la prevalencia nacional de conductas suicidas en población adolescente y adulta, por características sociodemográficas, con los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (Ensanut 2022). Material y métodos. A partir de la Ensanut 2022 se analizan preguntas similares en adolescentes y adultos relacionadas con pensamiento e intento de suicidio alguna vez en la vida y en los últimos 12 meses. RESULTADOS: El 7.6% de la población adolescente y 7.7% de la población adulta pensó alguna vez en suicidarse. La prevalencia de intento de suicidio alguna vez en la vida fue de 6.5% en adolescentes y 3.5% en adultos, y 3.1% en adolescentes y 0.6% en adultos para los últimos 12 meses. Las mujeres reportaron la mayor prevalencia en comparación con los hombres, tanto en pensamiento como en intentos de suicidio. Conclusión. Los hallazgos refuerzan la importancia de establecer la prevención del suicidio en jóvenes como una prioridad en la agenda nacional de salud.

Prevalencia de conductas alimentarias de riesgo en adolescentes mexicanos: Ensanut Continua 2022.

OBJETIVO: Reportar prevalencias poblacionales actualizadas de conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CAR) con respecto a edad, sexo, condiciones de bienestar, tipo de localidad y región del país. Material y métodos. Se utilizaron los datos de adolescentes (n = 3 547) de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2022 (Ensanut 2022) obtenidos mediante el cuestionario breve de conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CBCAR) y datos sociodemográficos. Se obtuvieron prevalencias e intervalos de confianza. RESULTADOS: El 1.6% (2.0% en mujeres y 1.2% en hombres) de los adolescentes tienen riesgo de un trastorno de la conducta alimentaria, en aquéllos entre 14 y 19 años, 2.3%, en zonas urbanas 2.1%, en la región centro 2.9% y por tercer quintil de bienestar, 3.1%. Conclusión. Los datos mostrados señalan la importancia de continuar monitoreando las CAR en encuestas representativas nacionales, a diferencia de los estudios realizados en muestras no probabilísticas; la Ensanut permite contar con datos que reflejan la diversidad de la población mexicana.

Respuesta a: ¿Es incorrecta la prevalencia de síntomas depresivos presentada en el informe de la Ensanut 2018-19?

No disponible.

Anticoncepción posevento obstétrico y embarazo subsecuente en adolescentes: perspectivas del personal de salud en México.

OBJETIVO: Identificar cómo se implementa la estrategia de anticoncepción posevento obstétrico (APEO) y analizar las barreras, acciones y recomendaciones para prevenir embara-zos subsecuentes en adolescentes. Material y métodos. Estudio cualitativo a través de análisis de contenido de 21 en-trevistas semiestructuradas a personal de salud de instituciones de atención a población sin seguridad social de la Ciudad de México y Morelos. RESULTADOS: La APEO se promueve du-rante el embarazo, parto, posaborto, puerperio y hasta 12 me-ses después del evento obstétrico. La consejería debe abordar, además de información técnica sobre métodos anticonceptivos, otras temáticas clave en relación con los derechos sexuales y reproductivos de los adolescentes. Se identifican barreras personales, institucionales y sociales para la implementación de la estrategia; el personal refiere acciones y recomendaciones específicas para su consolidación. Conclusión. La estrategia de APEO se debe fortalecer para garantizar la oferta de un servicio acorde con las necesidades de las mujeres menores de 20 años, así como diseñar intervenciones basadas en las buenas prácticas y recomendaciones de los prestadores de salud para superar las barreras y lograr periodos intergenésicos más allá de la adolescencia.

Disordered eating behaviors and psychological correlates. Data from the Ensanut 2018-19

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between disordered eating behaviors (DEB) and depressive symptoms, suicide attempts, and alcohol and tobacco use in adolescents in a national survey in Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from the Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2018-19 were used. Three levels of DEB were established: no risk (DEB-NR), moderate risk (DEB-MR), and high risk (DEB-HR). An ordinal logistic regression model was performed with level of DEB risk as a dependent variable. RESULTS: National prevalence of DEB-MR was 6.0% (95%CI: 5.6, 6.5), while that of DEB-HR was 1.3% (95%CI: 1.1, 1.6). Suicide attempt (OR= 1.82, 95%CI: 1.02,3.25) and depressive symptoms (OR= 2.6, 95%CI: 1.40,4.98) were associated with being at a higher risk of DEB. CONCLUSION: Since both depressive symptoms and suicide attempt are associated with DEB, prevention strategies should consider interventions that simultaneously address the various mental health problems present in adolescence.

Violencia en el hogar contra mujeres adultas durante el confinamiento por la pandemia de Covid-19 en México / Violence at home against adult women during the confinement by the Covid-19 pandemic in Mexico

Resumen: Objetivo: Analizar la prevalencia de violencia en el hogar y factores individuales, familiares y comunitarios asociados en mujeres adultas durante el confinamiento por Covid-19. Material y métodos: Se realizó un análisis secundario de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2020 sobre Covid-19 con representación nacional. Se utilizó un modelo de regresión logística ajustado por variables de interés. Resultados: La prevalencia fue de 5.8%. Los actos más reportados fueron gritos, insultos o amenazas (4.3%). La mayoría de las mujeres que reportaron cualquiera de los tipos de violencia ya la había experimentado antes del confinamiento. Los niveles bajos de bienestar (RM=1.96, IC95%: 1.28,2.99) y vivir en algún hogar donde se perdió un empleo por la contingencia (RM=1.96, IC95%: 1.41,2.73) resultaron asociados. Conclusiones: En las intervenciones de atención es necesario tomar en cuenta factores que profundizan la vulnerabilidad de las mujeres como la violencia preexistente y la pérdida de empleo.

Abstract: Objective: To analyze the prevalence of domestic violence in adult women during confinement derived from the Covid-19 pandemic and individual, familiar and communitarian associated factors. Materials and methods: A secondary analysis was carried out the 2020 National Health and Nutrition Survey on Covid-19, with national representation. A logistic regression model adjusted for the variables of interest was performed. Results: The prevalence was 5.8%. The most reported acts were shouting, insults or threats (4.3%). Most of the women who reported some type of violence in the home had already experienced it before the confinement. Low levels of well-being (OR= 1.96, 95%CI: 1.28,2.99), and living in a home where job was lost due to contingency (OR= 1.96, 95%CI: 1.41,2.73) were associated factors. Conclusions: In care interventions, it is necessary to take into account factors that deepen the vulnerability of women, such as pre-existing violence and loss of employment.

Covid-19 durante el embarazo: revisión rápida y metaanálisis.

Objetivo. Resumir la evidencia científica sobre efectos maternos y neonatales del Covid-19 durante el embarazo. Material y métodos. Se realizó una revisión rápida Cochrane y un metaanálisis de proporciones y razones de momios (RM). Resultados. Los eventos maternos más comunes fueron la ventilación mecánica invasiva y admisión a la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI); las complicaciones del embarazo fueron el sufrimiento fetal y la ruptura prematura de membranas; las comorbilidades fueron la obesidad y el asma. Las cesáreas indicadas por Covid-19 fueron frecuentes (51%). Los eventos neonatales comunes fueron bajo peso y prematuridad; se identificaron neonatos SARS-CoV-2 posi-tivos (14%). Las embarazadas con Covid-19 experimentaron más cesáreas (RM combinada=6.7) y partos pretérmino (RM combinada=2.9); los neonatos experimentaron más admisio-nes a la UCI neonatal (RM combinada=5.9). Conclusión. La evidencia sobre los efectos adversos del Covid-19 durante el embarazo es limitada. No se pueden descartar riesgos a la salud del binomio, particularmente debido a las cesáreas y prematuridad.

Violencia en el hogar contra mujeres adultas durante el confinamiento por la pandemia de Covid-19 en México.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prevalence of domestic violence in adult women during confinement derived from the Co-vid-19 pandemic and individual, familiar and communitarian associated factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A second-ary analysis was carried out the 2020 National Health and Nutrition Survey on Covid-19, with national representation. A logistic regression model adjusted for the variables of interest was performed. RESULTS: The prevalence was 5.8%. The most reported acts were shouting, insults or threats (4.3%). Most of the women who reported some type of violence in the home had already experienced it before the confinement. Low levels of well-being (OR= 1.96, 95%CI: 1.28,2.99), and living in a home where job was lost due to contingency (OR= 1.96, 95%CI: 1.41,2.73) were associated factors. CONCLUSIONS: In care interventions, it is necessary to take into account factors that deepen the vulnerability of women, such as pre-existing violence and loss of employment.

[Trends in vaccination coverage among children aged 12-23 and 24-35 months in Mexico. Ensanut 2012 and Ensanut 100]. / Tendencias en las coberturas de vacunación en niños de 12 a 23 y 24 a 35 meses en México.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare vaccination coverage among children aged 12-23 and 24-35 months living in localities with less than 100 000 inhabitants in Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (Ensanut) 2012 and Ensanut 100k (2018). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Estimate of coverage with both surveys. RESULTS: Between 2012 and 2018, according to proof and self-report, the coverage of the basic scheme was maintained in children aged 12-23 (51.6 vs. 60.2%) and 24-35 months (51.4 vs. 50.0%). Similarly, only with proof (53.9 vs. 51.3% and 52.8 vs. 44.2%). In children aged 24-35 months, the coverage of the reinforced basic scheme reinforcements with probative document and self-report (30.9 vs. 34.0%) and only with reinforcements (30.2 vs. 27.8%) was maintained. Coverage with second and third doses of hepatitis B in both age groups decreased; additionally, first dose of measlesmumps-rubella vaccine (SRP, in Spanish) and third dose of Pentavalent in children aged 24-35 months. CONCLUSIONS: Coverages were maintained by schemes, despite reductions in hepatitis B, pentavalent and SRP.

OBJETIVO: Comparar coberturas de vacunación en niños de 12-23 y 24-35 meses de edad de localidades menores de 100 000 habitantes en México, entre 2012 (Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición Ensanut] 2012) y 2018 (Ensanut 100k). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estimación de coberturas con ambas encuestas. RESULTADOS: Entre 2012 y 2018, se mantuvo la cobertura del Esquema básico, con comprobante y autorreporte, en niños de 12-23 (51.6 vs. 60.2%) y 24-35 meses (51.4 vs. 50.0%), y sólo con comprobante (53.9 vs. 51.3% y 52.8 vs. 44.2%). Se mantuvo la cobertura del Esquema básico más refuerzos en niños de 24-35 meses, comprobante y autorreporte (30.9 vs. 34.0%) y sólo con comprobante (30.2 vs. 27.8%). Disminuyeron las coberturas con segunda y tercera dosis de hepatitis B en niños de 12-23 y 24-35 meses, y con primera dosis de triple viral (SRP) y tercera de pentavalente en niños de 24-35 meses. CONCLUSIONES: Se mantuvieron las coberturas del Esquema básico y Esquema básico más refuerzos aunque disminuyeron las coberturas con hepatitis B, pentavalente y SRP.

Tendencias en las coberturas de vacunación en niños de 12 a 23 y 24 a 35 meses en México / Trends in vaccination coverage among children aged 12-23 and 24-35 months in Mexico. Ensanut 2012 and Ensanut 100k

Resumen: Objetivo: Comparar coberturas de vacunación en niños de 12-23 y 24-35 meses de edad de localidades menores de 100 000 habitantes en México, entre 2012 (Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2012) y 2018 (Ensanut 100k). Material y métodos: Estimación de coberturas con ambas encuestas. Resultados: Entre 2012 y 2018, se mantuvo la cobertura del Esquema básico, con comprobante y autorreporte, en niños de 12-23 (51.6 vs. 60.2%) y 24-35 meses (51.4 vs. 50.0%), y sólo con comprobante (53.9 vs. 51.3% y 52.8 vs. 44.2%). Se mantuvo la cobertura del Esquema básico más refuerzos en niños de 24-35 meses, comprobante y autorreporte (30.9 vs. 34.0%) y sólo con comprobante (30.2 vs. 27.8%). Disminuyeron las coberturas con segunda y tercera dosis de hepatitis B en niños de 12-23 y 24-35 meses, y con primera dosis de triple viral (SRP) y tercera de pentavalente en niños de 24-35 meses. Conclusiones: Se mantuvieron las coberturas del Esquema básico y Esquema básico más refuerzos aunque disminuyeron las coberturas con hepatitis B, pentavalente y SRP.

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate and compare vaccination coverage among children aged 12-23 and 24-35 months living in localities with less than 100 000 inhabitants inEncuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición(Ensanut) 2012 and Ensanut 100k (2018). Materials and methods: Estimate of coverage with both surveys. Results: Between 2012 and 2018, according to proof and self-report, the coverage of the basic scheme was maintained in children aged 12-23 (51.6 vs. 60.2%) and 24-35 months (51.4 vs. 50.0%). Similarly, only with proof (53.9 vs. 51.3% and 52.8 vs. 44.2%). In children aged 24-35 months, the coverage of the reinforced basic scheme reinforcements with probative document and self-report (30.9 vs. 34.0%) and only with reinforcements (30.2 vs. 27.8%) was maintained. Coverage with second and third doses of hepatitis B in both age groups decreased; additionally, first dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (SRP, in Spanish) and third dose of Pentavalent in children aged 24-35 months. Conclusions: Coverages were maintained by schemes, despite reductions in hepatitis B, pentavalent and SRP.

Contribution of Second and Higher-Order Births to Adolescent Fertility in Mexico.

This study estimates the contribution of second and higher-order births to the adolescent fertility rate in Mexico from 2006 to 2014. We used data from nationally representative surveys for 2006, 2009, and 2014 to estimate the adolescent fertility rate, and the first, second, and higher-order birth components for the triennium prior to each survey at the national and state level. Our results showed that the second and higher-order component was 16.3 births per 1,000 women in 2003-05, 14.9 in 2006-08, and 16.9 in 2011-13. Second and higher-order births represented 25.9 percent of all teen births in 2003-05, 21.6 percent in 2006-08, and 21.9 percent in 2011-13. Second and higher-order births were heterogeneous across states. We found that second and higher-order births are highly prevalent and important contributors to the adolescent fertility rate. Postponing second and higher-order births would benefit both mothers and children. Monitoring them provides crucial information on the demand of targeted health system strategies that address the reproductive health needs of adolescent mothers. Interventions to prevent second and higher-order pregnancies must be developed and implemented.

Effect of parental criticism on disordered eating behaviors in male and female university students in Mexico City.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of parental criticism of their offspring's bodies in the development of disordered eating behaviors (DEBs) in university students in Mexico City. METHODS: A sample of 892 freshmen (502 women and 390 men) was included. The prevalence of the internalization of the aesthetic thin ideal, body dissatisfaction, self-esteem, depressive symptoms, and body mass index was estimated by sex. For each sex, the effect of parental criticism on DEBs, together with that of the other covariates, was measured through ordinal regression models. RESULTS: It was found that women received more criticism from their mothers than men. Among the participants, the likelihood of DEBs is increased in the presence of criticism from both parents (OR = 2.5), criticism from the mother alone (OR = 2.0), overweight (OR = 1.7), obesity (OR = 2.1), wanting a slimmer body (OR = 8.3), and depressive symptoms (OR = 3.3). Among men, this risk is increased in the presence of criticism from both parents (OR = 2.7), being obese (OR = 2.4), wanting a slimmer body (OR = 3.4), and depressive symptoms (OR = 2.8). CONCLUSIONS: It is essential to include issues linked to parental criticism of their bodies in interventions to prevent eating disorders in college students. Level of evidence V, cross-sectional descriptive study.

Sexual and reproductive health outcomes are positively associated with comprehensive sexual education exposure in Mexican high-school students.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the comprehensive sex education (CSE) coverage and to evaluate a set of indicators related to knowledge, attitudes, and practices associated with the seven components of the CSE framework among Mexican high-school students. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of a nationally representative sample of students in public and private high schools in Mexico. Questions about CSE coverage and about knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to sexual health were included. We present descriptive statistics for demographic characteristics, exposure to CSE, and sexual health outcomes. We fitted a series of multivariate logistic regression models to examine the association between each CSE component exposure and sexual health outcomes, adjusting for age and sex. RESULTS: There were significant associations between being exposed to each CSE components and the related sexual health outcomes. The strongest one was for identifying effective contraceptives among those exposed to the Sexual and Reproductive Health component (SRH) (OR 4.10; 95%CI[2.93,5.75]). Also, students exposed to the relationships component had 20% higher odds of affirming they could convince their partner to use condoms (OR 1.20; 95%CI[1.05,1.36]). CONCLUSIONS: This paper provides evidence of the potential beneficial effects of CSE on attitudes, knowledge, and behaviors regarding sexual and reproductive health among adolescents. In addition, it identifies areas that should be strengthened to increase the positive impact of CSE.

[Teen pregnancy and educational gaps: Analysis of a national survey in Mexico]. / Embarazo adolescente y rezago educativo: análisis de una encuesta nacional en México.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize female adolescents who have been pregnant, and to analyze the association between adolescent pregnancy and educational gaps. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Data come from the Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (Ensanut 2012), a Mexican representative survey. The set of data used is related to sociodemographic and reproductive characteristics from 1 790 women from 12 to 19 years who had begun their sexual life and had a pregnancy record. Three statistical models were adjusted to observe the association between variables. The dependent variable of the first model was the condition of previous pregnancy, the second to be pregnant at the time of data collection, and the third, educational gap. RESULTS: A 74.9% of the adolescents with history of pregnancy has educational gap. To have the condition of previous pregnancy is associated with living with sexual partner (OR=8.4), educational gap (OR=2.4), low socioeconomical level (OR=2.0) and school assistance (OR=0.5). To be pregnant at the time of data collection has related only to living with sexual partner (OR=9.4). The educational gap shows an association with having more than one pregnancy (OR=2.4), live with sexual partner (OR=1.6), low socioeconomical level (OR=1.8), and school assistance as protective factor (OR=0.3). CONCLUSION: It is necessary to implement effective and efficient educational public politics in order to decrease educational gap. At the same time, to guarantee and improve sexual education in the school system to prevent adolescent pregnancy.

Embarazo adolescente y rezago educativo: análisis de una encuesta nacional en México / Teen pregnancy and educational gaps: Analysis of a national survey in Mexico

Objetivo. Caracterizar a las adolescentes que han tenido algún embarazo y analizar la asociación de éste con el rezago educativo, a partir de una encuesta representativa en México. Material y métodos. Estudio transversal con información de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (Ensanut) 2012, con datos sociodemográficos y reproductivos de 1 790 mujeres de 12 a 19 años de edad con inicio de vida sexual y antecedente de embarazo. Se ajustaron tres modelos estadísticos para observar la asociación entre variables. Resultados. El rezago educativo está presente en 74.9% de las adolescentes con antecedente de embarazo. Tener embarazo previo está asociado con cohabitar con la pareja (RM=8.4), rezago educativo (RM=2.4), nivel socioeconómico bajo (RM=2.0) y asistencia a la escuela (RM=0.5). El rezago educativo muestra una asociación con el antecedente de embarazo alguna vez en la vida (RM=2.4), no así con el primer embarazo al momento de la encuesta. Conclusión. Se requieren políticas y estrategias operativas eficientes para favorecer la permanencia escolar y reducir el rezago educativo en adolescentes con y sin hijos.

Objective. To characterize female adolescents who have been pregnant, and to analyze the association between adolescent pregnancy and educational gaps. Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted. Data come from the Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (Ensanut 2012), a Mexican representative survey. The set of data used is related to sociodemographic and reproductive characteristics from 1 790 women from 12 to 19 years who had begun their sexual life and had a pregnancy record. Three statistical models were adjusted to observe the association between variables. The dependent variable of the first model was the condition of previous pregnancy, the second to be pregnant at the time of data collection, and the third, educational gap. Results. A 74.9% of the adolescents with history of pregnancy has educational gap. To have the condition of previous pregnancy is associated with living with sexual partner (OR=8.4), educational gap (OR=2.4), low socioeconomical level (OR=2.0) and school assistance (OR=0.5). To be pregnant at the time of data collection has related only to living with sexual partner (OR=9.4). The educational gap shows an association with having more than one pregnancy (OR=2.4), live with sexual partner (OR=1.6), low socioeconomical level (OR=1.8), and school assistance as protective factor (OR=0.3). Conclusion. It is necessary to implement effective and efficient educational public politics in order to decrease educational gap. At the same time, to guarantee and improve sexual education in the school system to prevent adolescent pregnancy.

[Use of contraception and family planning in adolescent and adult women in Mexico]. / Inicio de vida sexual, uso de anticonceptivos y planificación familiar en mujeres adolescentes y adultas en México.

OBJECTIVE: To offer current evidence about age at sexual initiation and contraceptive use among adolescent and adult women of different age groups, places of residence, and marital status in Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were analyzed from ENSANUT 2006 and 2012 surveys on knowledge and use of contraceptives. RESULTS: In 2012 31.2% of 15-19 year old adolescent women had undergone sexual debut. Condom use increased from 31.8% in 2006 to 47.8% in 2012. Women in rural areas reported lower levels of contraceptive use at last sexual intercourse; 47.9% of 30-34 year-old and 53.2% of 35-49 year-old women reported not using any contraception at last sexual intercourse. A high percentage of women did not adopt contraception after the most recent obstetric event: 52% (15-19 years), 44.2% (20-29 years), 42.5% (30-34 years) and 39% (≥35 years)]. CONCLUSIONS: Equitable policies to promote contraception, particularly after a post-obstetric event, are needed.

[Utilization patterns of prevention and early diagnosis for cancer in women]. / Patrones de utilización de programas de prevención y diagnóstico temprano de cáncer en la mujer.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the utilization patterns of cancer prevention programs in women during the period 2000-2012 in Mexican women who participated in three national surveys. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed data from the ENSA 2000, ENSANUT 2006 and ENSANUT 2012 that are representative of the Mexican population. Prevalences were obtained, trend tests and Poisson regression were used to determine the possibility of having more coverage. RESULTS: The coverage of Papanicolaou use in the last 12 months in 2012 was 45.5%, HPV testing in the last four years was 11.9% and mammography use in the past two years was 29.4% and 17.2% in women aged 50-69 years and 40-49 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Although there was an increase in the coverage of screening programs, there should be a boost in the service quality and universal coverage.

Inicio de vida sexual, uso de anticonceptivos y planificación familiar en mujeres adolescentes y adultas en México / Use of contraception and family planning in adolescent and adult women in Mexico

Objetivo. Ofrecer evidencia actualizada sobre inicio de vida sexual y uso de anticonceptivos en mujeres adolescentes y adultas en México por grupos de edad, lugar de residencia y estado civil. Material y métodos. Se analizaron datos de las ENSANUT 2006 y 2012, sobre conocimientos y uso de anticoncepción. Resultados. En 2012, 31.2% de las adolescentes (15-19 años) había iniciado vida sexual; el uso del condón aumentó de 31.8 a 47.8% entre 2006 y 2012. El 47.9% de 30 a 34 años y 53.2% de 35 a 49 años reportaron no haber usado anticonceptivo en su última relación sexual. En las áreas rurales se reporta menor uso de anticonceptivos en la última relación sexual. Un alto porcentaje no optó por anticonceptivo postevento obstétrico: 52% (15-19 años), 44.2% (20-29 años), 42.5% (30-34 años) y 39% (≥35 años). Conclusiones. Se requieren políticas equitativas que promuevan el uso de anticonceptivos, particularmente en el periodo postevento obstétrico.

Objective. To offer current evidence about age at sexual initiation and contraceptive use among adolescent and adult women of different age groups, places of residence, and marital status in Mexico. Materials and methods. Data were analyzed from ENSANUT 2006 and 2012 surveys on knowledge and use of contraceptives. Results. In 2012 31.2% of 15-19 year old adolescent women had undergone sexual debut. Condom use increased from 31.8% in 2006 to 47.8% in 2012. Women in rural areas reported lower levels of contraceptive use at last sexual intercourse; 47.9% of 30-34 year-old and 53.2% of 35-49 year-old women reported not using any contraception at last sexual intercourse. A high percentage of women did not adopt contraception after the most recent obstetric event: 52% (15-19 years), 44.2% (20-29 years), 42.5% (30-34 years) and 39% (≥35 years)]. Conclusions. Equitable policies to promote contraception, particularly after a post-obstetric event, are needed.